Effect of different levels of vitamin E on performance and some blood parameters of Caspian trout (Salmo caspius )

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D Graduate, Department of Fisheries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Fisheries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

3 Associate Professor, International Sturgeon Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran

4 Professor, Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

10.22059/jfisheries.2023.349402.1346

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of different levels of vitamin E on growth performance and blood indices of Caspian trout (Salmo caspius) juveniles. Six diets with different levels of vitamin E including 0, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg kg-1 were prepared. The actual amounts of vitamin E in diets were determined using high performance liquid chromatography and were as follow: 4.9, 8.6, 17.4, 35.4, 78.8 and 137.0 mg kg-1. In total, 360 fish (initial mean weight of 9.32±0.34 g) were randomly distributed in 18 cylindrical tanks (20 fish per tank) with the working volume of 900 L. Each tank was randomly assigned to each of the experimental diets with 3 replications. The fish in each tank were fed with the respective diets for eight weeks and finally their growth indices and blood parameters were evaluated. The results showed that the final weight, daily growth coefficient and feed efficiency ratio of fish increased linearly (p<0.05) and quadratic (p<0.05) with increasing the vitamin E levels and reached the highest value in fish fed with 78.8 mg kg-1 vitamin E. Significant linear (p<0.05) and quadratic (p<0.05) increases in red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin content and hematocrit percentage were also determined by increasing in dietary vitamin E concentration. The percentage of neutrophils in fish blood reached the lowest level after feeding with the highest amount of vitamin E (137.0 mg kg-1 vitamin E) while the highest percentage of lymphocytes was recorded in fish fed with 78.8 mg kg-1 vitamin E. The findings of the present study showed that vitamin E could improve the performance and blood parameters of Caspian trout. The best level of vitamin E was estimated to be 82.16 mg kg-1 based on the daily growth coefficient and 102.98 mg kg-1 according to WBC number.

Keywords

References

Ahmed, S.A.A., Ibrahim, R.E., Farroh, K.Y., Moustafa, A.A., Al-Gabri, N.A., Alkafafy, M., Amer, S.A., 2021. Chitosan vitamin E nanocomposite ameliorates the growth, redox, and immune status of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared under different stocking densities. Aquaculture 541, 736804.
Amlashi, A.S., Falahatkar, B., Sattari, M., Gilani, M.H., 2011. Effect of dietary vitamin E on growth, muscle composition, hematological and immunological parameters of sub-yearling beluga Huso huso L. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 30(3), 807-814.
Antosik, A., Czubak, K., Cichon, N., Nowak, P., Zbikowska, H., 2018. Vitamin E analogue protects red blood cells against storage-induced oxidative damage. Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy 45(5), 347-354.
Arab, N., Rajabi Islami, H., 2015. Effects of Dietary Ascorbic Acid on Growth Performance, Body Composition, and Some Immunological Parameters of Caspian Brown Trout, Salmo trutta caspius. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 46(5), 505-518.
Bae, J.Y., Park, G.H., Yoo, K.Y., Lee, J.Y., Kim, D.J., Bai, S.C., 2013. Evaluation of optimum dietary vitamin E requirements using DL-α-tocopheryl acetate in the juvenile eel, Anguilla japonica. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 29(1), 213-217.
Bai, S.C., Lee, K.-J., 1998. Different levels of dietary dl-α-tocopheryl acetate affect the vitamin E status of juvenile Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Aquaculture 161(1), 405-414.
Besharat, M., Rajabi Islami, H., Soltani, M., Mousavi, S.A., 2021. Effect of nanoliposomes coated with astaxanthin on growth performance indices and feed product efficiency of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Renewable Natural Resources Research 12(1), 95-105.
Buentello, J.A., Gatlin, D.M., Neill, W.H., 2000. Effects of water temperature and dissolved oxygen on daily feed consumption, feed utilization and growth of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Aquaculture 182(3), 339-352.
Buttriss, J.L., Diplock, A.T., 1984. High-performance liquid chromatography methods for vitamin E in tissues. Methods in Enzymology 105, 131-138.
Chen, R., Lochmann, R., Goodwin, A., Praveen, K., Dabrowski, K., Lee, K.-J., 2004. Effects of dietary vitamins C and E on alternative complement activity, hematology, tissue composition, vitamin concentrations and response to heat stress in juvenile golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas). Aquaculture 242(1), 553-569.
Clauss, T.M., Dove, A.D.M., Arnold, J.E., 2008. Hematologic disorders of fish. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 11(3), 445-462.
Cowey, C.B., Adron, J.W., Youngson, A., 1983. The vitamin E requirement of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) given diets containing polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from fish oil. Aquaculture 30(1), 85-93.
Dalia, A.M., Loh, T.C., Sazili, A.Q., Jahromi, M.F., Samsudin, A.A., 2018. Effects of vitamin E, inorganic selenium, bacterial organic selenium, and their combinations on immunity response in broiler chickens. BMC Veterinary Research 14(1), 249.
Elaroussi, M.A., Fattah, M.A., Meky, N.H., Ezzat, I.E., Wakwak, M.M., 2007. Effects of vitamin E, age and sex on performance of Japanese quail. 1. Haematological indices and liver function. British Poultry Science 48(6), 669-677.
Farahnak Roudsari, S., Rajabi Islami, H., Mousavi, S.A., Shamsaie Mehrgan, M., 2021. Folic acid-coated nanochitosan ameliorated the growth performance, hematological parameters, antioxidant status, and immune responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8, 647722.
Farinha, A.P., Moreira, M., de Magalhães, C.R., Schrama, D., Cerqueira, M., Carrilho, R., Rodrigues, P.M., 2022. Chapter two - Proteomics for Quality and Safety in Fishery Products. In: Galanakis, C. M. (Ed.). Sustainable Fish Production and Processing. Academic Press. Massachusetts, USA. pp. 45-78.
Galaz, G.B., Kim, S., Lee, K., 2010. Effects of different dietary vitamin E levels on growth performance, non-specific immune responses, and disease resistance against Vibrio anguillarum in parrot fish (Oplegnathus fasciatus). Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 23(7), 916-923.
Gao, J., Koshio, S., Ishikawa, M., Yokoyama, S., Mamauag, R.E.P., 2014. Interactive effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on growth performance, fatty acid composition and reduction of oxidative stress in juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed dietary oxidized fish oil. Aquaculture 422-423, 84-90.
Hamre, K., 2011. Metabolism, interactions, requirements and functions of vitamin E in fish. Aquaculture Nutrition 17(1), 98-115.
Hamre, K., Hjeltnes, B., Kryvi, H., Sandberg, S., Lorentzen, M., Lie, O., 1994. Decreased concentration of hemoglobin, accumulation of lipid oxidation products and unchanged skeletal muscle in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed low dietary vitamin E. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 12(5), 421-429.
Hamre, K., Lie, Ø., 1995. Minimum requirement of vitamin E for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., at first feeding. Aquaculture Research 26(3), 175-184.
Hertrampf, J.W., Piedad-Pascual, F., 2000. Nutrition of aquatic animals at a glance. In: Hertrampf, J. W., Piedad-Pascual, F.,  (Eds.). Handbook on Ingredients for Aquaculture Feeds. Springer. Dordrecht, Netherlands. pp. 4-42.
Hrubec, T.C., Smith, S.A., Robertson, J. L., 2001. Age-related changes in hematology and plasma chemistry values of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis). Veterinary Clinical Pathology 30(1), 8-15.
Huang, C.-H., Higgs, D.A., Balfry, S.K., Devlin, R.H., 2004. Effect of dietary vitamin E level on growth, tissue lipid peroxidation, and erythrocyte fragility of transgenic coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular Integrative Physiology 139(2), 199-204.
Hung, S., Cho, C., Slinger, S., 2011. Measurement of oxidation in fish oil and its effect on vitamin E nutrition of rain- bow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37, 1248-1253.
Ispir, U., Yonar, M., Oz, O.B., 2011. Effect of di̇etary vitamin e supplementation on the blood parameters of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus). Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 21, 566-569.
Jilani, T., Iqbal, M.P., 2018. Vitamin E deficiency in South Asian population and the therapeutic use of alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E) for correction of anemia. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 34(6), 1571-1575.
Kakavand, M., Hosseini Shekarabi, S.P., Shamsaie Mehrgan, M., Islami, H.R., 2021. Potassium diformate in the diet of sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus): Zootechnical performance, humoral and skin mucosal immune responses, growth-related gene expression and intestine morphology. Aquaculture Nutrition 27(6), 2392-2404.
Kalayci, G., Ozturk, R.C., Capkin, E. Altinok, I., 2018. Genetic and molecular evidence that brown trout Salmo trutta belonging to the Danubian lineage are a single biological species. Journal of Fish Biology 93, 792-804.
Kiron, V., Puangkaew, J., Ishizaka, K., Satoh, S., Watanabe, T., 2004. Antioxidant status and nonspecific immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed two levels of vitamin E along with three lipid sources. Aquaculture 234(1), 361-379.
Gatlin III, D.M., 1999. Dietary vitamin E requirement of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops female×M. saxatilis male). Aquaculture Nutrition 5(1), 3-7.
Kousoulaki, K., Sveen, L., Norén, F., Espmark, Å., 2022. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) performance fed low trophic ingredients in a fish meal and fish oil free diet. Frontiers in Physiology 13, 884740.
Lewis, E.D., Meydani, S.N., Wu, D., 2019. Regulatory role of vitamin E in the immune system and inflammation. IUBMB Life 71(4), 487-494.
Li, J., Liang, X.-F., Tan, Q., Yuan, X., Liu, L., Zhou, Y., Li, B., 2014. Effects of vitamin E on growth performance and antioxidant status in juvenile grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Aquaculture 430, 21-27.
Li, M., Chen, L., Qin, J.G., Li, E., Yu, N., Du, Z., 2013. Growth performance, antioxidant status and immune response in darkbarbel catfish Pelteobagrus vachelli fed different PUFA/vitamin E dietary levels and exposed to high or low ammonia. Aquaculture 406-407, 18-27.
Li, S., Lian, X., Chen, N., Wang, M., Sang, C., 2018. Effects of dietary vitamin E level on growth performance, feed utilization, antioxidant capacity and nonspecific immunity of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Aquaculture Nutrition 24(6), 1679-1688.
Lim, C., Yildirim-Aksoy, M., Welker, T., Klesius, P.H., Li, M.H., 2010. Growth performance, immune response, and resistance to Streptococcus iniae of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fed diets containing various levels of vitamins C and E. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 41(1), 35-48.
Lin, Y.-H., Shiau, S.-Y., 2005. Dietary vitamin E requirement of grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus, at two lipid levels, and their effects on immune responses. Aquaculture 248(1), 235-244.
Linn, S., Ishikawa, M., Koshio, S., Yokoyama, S., 2014. Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on growth performance and oxidative condition of red sea bream Pagrus major. Aquaculture Science 62(4), 329-339.
Lozano, A.R., Borges, P., Robaina, L., Betancor, M., Hernández-Cruz, C.M., García, J.R., CaballeroIzquierdo, M. J., 2017. Effect of different dietary vitamin E levels on growth, fish composition, fillet quality and liver histology of meagre (Argyrosomus regius). Aquaculture 468, 175-183.
Lu, Y., Liang, X.-P., Jin, M., Sun, P., Ma, H.-N., Yuan, Y., Zhou, Q.-C., 2016. Effects of dietary vitamin E on the growth performance, antioxidant status and innate immune response in juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). Aquaculture 464, 609-617.
Mohseni, M., Pourkazemi, M., Hosseni, M.R., Hassani, M.H.S., Bai, S.C., 2013. Effects of the dietary protein levels and the protein to energy ratio in sub-yearling Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus (Borodin). Aquaculture Research 44(3), 378-387.
NRC, 1993. National research council. Nutrient requirements of fish. National Academic Press. Washington, DC. 193 p.
Pan, J.H., Feng, L., Jiang, W.D., Wu, P., Kuang, S.Y., Tang, L., Zhang Y.-A., Zhou, X.-Q., Liu, Y., 2017. Vitamin E deficiency depressed fish growth, disease resistance, and the immunity and structural integrity of immune organs in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): Referring to NF-κB, TOR and Nrf2 signaling. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 60, 219-236.
Pathak, A., Roth, P., Piscitelli, J., Johnson, L., 2003. Effects of vitamin E supplementation during erythropoietin treatment of the anaemia of prematurity. Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal and Neonatal Edition 88(4), F324-328.
Paul, B.N., Sarkar, S., Mohanty, S.N., 2004. Dietary vitamin E requirement of mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala fry. Aquaculture 242(1), 529-536.
Pearce, J., Harris, J.E., Davies, S.J., 2003. The effect of vitamin E on the serum complement activity of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture Nutrition 9(5), 337-340.
Pelster, B., 2021. Using the swimbladder as a respiratory organ and/or a buoyancy structure-Benefits and consequences. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology 335(9-10), 831-842.
Peng, L.I., Gatlin Iii, D.M., 2009. Dietary vitamin E requirement of the red drum Sciaenops ocellatus. Aquaculture Nutrition 15(3), 313-319.
Puangkaew, J., Kiron, V., Satoh, S., Watanabe, T., 2005. Antioxidant defense of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in relation to dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E contents. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicolology and Pharmacology 140(2), 187-196.
Quinn, N.L., Boroevich, K.A., Lubieniecki, K.P., Chow, W., Davidson, E.A., Phillips, R.B., Koop, B. F., Davidson, W.S., 2010. Genomic organization and evolution of the Atlantic salmon hemoglobin repertoire. BMC Genomics 11(1), 539.
Rezakhani, S., Mohammadizadeh, F., Khara, H., Hooshang Bahri, A., Ahmadnezhad, M., 2021. Evaluation of oxygen changes on survival, some stress indices and hematological and immunological factors in Caspian Sea salmon (Salmo trutta caspius). Aquatics Physiology and Biotechnology 9(1), 77-96.
Ruff, N., FitzGerald, R.D., Cross, T.F., Hamre, K., Kerry, J.P., 2003. The effect of dietary vitamin E and C level on market-size turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) fillet quality. Aquaculture Nutrition 9(2), 91-103.
Rusu, A., Rusu, F., Zalutchi, D., Muresan, A., Gherman Caprioara, M., Kacso, I., 2013. The influence of vitamin E supplementation on erythropoietin responsiveness in chronic hemodialysis patients with low levels of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase. International Urology and Nephrology 45(2), 495-501.
Sado, R.Y., Bicudo, A.J., Cyrino, J.E., 2013. Growth and hematology of juvenile pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) fed with increasing levels of vitamin E (DL-α-tocopheryl acetate). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 85(1), 385-393.
Sahoo, P.K., Mukherjee, S.C., 2002. Influence of high dietary α-tocopherol intakes on specific immune response, nonspecific resistance factors and disease resistance of healthy and aflatoxin B1-induced immunocompromised Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Aquaculture Nutrition 8(3), 159-167.
Sajedkhanian, A., Mohseni, M., Norouzi, M., 2021. Effects of dietary fish oil replacement by canola oil on some functional and growth parameters in juveniles of Salmo caspius. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 20(4), 1219-1233.
Sayad Burani, M., Khara, H., Sayad Burani, M., Fakharzadeh, S.E., 2015. The effect of vitamin C and E supplement in diet on the growth and immunological parameters of Caspian salmon (Salmo trutta caspius). Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal 23(4), 85-95.
Seibel, H., Baßmann, B., Rebl, A., 2021. Blood Will Tell: What Hematological Analyses Can Reveal About Fish Welfare. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8.
Shahkar, E., Hamidoghli, A., Yun, H., Kim, D.-J., Bai, S.C., 2018. Effects of dietary vitamin E on hematology, tissue α-tocopherol concentration and non-specific immune responses of Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Aquaculture 484, 51-57.
Simmons, A., 1997. Hematology: a combined theoretical and technical approach. Saunders LTD. Philadelphia. USA. 464 p.
Soldatov, A. A., 2021. Content of Methemoglobin in the Blood of Teleost Fish: Effect of Environmental Factors and Natural States of the Organism (Review). Inland Water Biology 14(6), 747-757.
Thrall, M.A., Weiser, G., Allison, R.W., Campbell, T.W., 2012. Veterinary hematology and clinical chemistry. John Wiley Sons. New York. USA. 784 p.
Tocher, D. R., Mourente, G., Van Der Eecken, A., Evjemo, J. O., Diaz, E., Bell, J. G., I. Geurden, I., Lavens, P., Olsen, Y., 2002. Effects of dietary vitamin E on antioxidant defence mechanisms of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.), halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) and sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). Aquaculture Nutrition 8(3), 195-207.
Wang, K., Wang, E., Qin, Z., Zhou, Z., Geng, Y., Chen, D., 2016. Effects of dietary vitamin E deficiency on systematic pathological changes and oxidative stress in fish. Oncotarget 7(51), 83869-83879.
Watanabe, T., Takeuchi, T., Matsui, M., Ogino, C., Kawabata, T., 1977. Effect of .ALPHA.-tocopherol deficiency on carp. VII. The relationship between dietary levels of linoleate and ALPHA.-tocopherol requirement. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 43, 935-946.
Whalan, J.E., 2015. Hematology Glossary. In: Whalan, J. E. (Ed.). A Toxicologist's Guide to Clinical Pathology in Animals: Hematology, Clinical Chemistry, Urinalysis. Springer International Publishing, Cham. Switzerland. pp. 109-143.
Wilfart, A., Garcia-Launay, F., Terrier, F., Soudé, E., Aguirre, P., Skiba-Cassy, S., 2023. A step towards sustainable aquaculture: Multiobjective feed formulation reduces environmental impacts at feed and farm levels for rainbow trout. Aquaculture 562, 738826.
Zeitoun, I.H., Ullrey, D.E., Magee, W.T., Gill, J.L., Bergen, W.G., 1976. Quantifying nutrient requirements of fish. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 33, 167-172.
Zhao, H., Ma, H.J., Gao, S.N., Chen, X.R., Chen, Y.J., Zhao, P.F., Lin, S.M., 2018. Evaluation of dietary vitamin E supplementation on growth performance and antioxidant status in hybrid snakehead (Channa argus × Channa maculata). Aquaculture Nutrition 24(1), 625-632.
Zhou, Q.C., Wang, L.G., Wang, H.L., Wang, T., Elmada, C.Z., Xie, F.J., 2013. Dietary vitamin E could improve growth performance, lipid peroxidation and non-specific immune responses for juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Aquaculture Nutrition 19(3), 421-429.
Journal of Fisheries
Volume 76, Issue 1
March 2023
Pages 71-88

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics