Determine the amount of blue- green algae anatoxin-a in water ecosystems Guilan

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Associate Professor, National Inland Water Aquaculture Institute, Bandar Anzali, Iran

Abstract

Summer blue- green algae (Cyanophyta) bloom playing a significant role in fish mortality in fish
farms.In order to determine the dominant blue-green algae toxicity eight species of cyanophyts in fish
farms were isolated and cultured.Then toxin levels anatoxin-a was measured by gas chromatography
with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection.The results showed that toxin levels in Aphanizomenon
flos- aquae with 19.91 μg/kg more than the other Species studied and the lowest in Oscillatoria sp.
with 1.53 μg/kg was estimated. Generally high blooms of cyanophyts, particularly two species of
Aphanizomenon flos- aquae and Anabaena flos-aquae can lead to mortality in fish farms.

Keywords

Main Subjects


[1]. Berg, K., Skulberg, O.M., Skulberg, R., 1987. Effects of decaying toxic blue-green algae on water quality, a laboratory study. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 108, 549-563.
[2]. Carmichael, W., 1989. Freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) toxins. Natural Toxins: characterization, pharmacology and therapeutics, CL Ownby, and GV Odell, Eds., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 3-16.
[3]. Carmichael, W., 1992. Cyanobacteria secondary metabolites—the cyanotoxins. Journal of Applied Microbiology 72, 445-459.
[4]. Carmichael, W.W., Falconer, I.R., 1993. Diseases related to freshwater blue-green algal toxins, and control measures.  In: Falconer IR, editor. Algal toxins in seafood and drinking water. London: Academic Press; 1993. pp. 187–209.
[5]. Chorus, I., Bartram, J., 1999. Toxic cyanobacteria in water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management. Spon Press, p.
[6]. DeMott, W.R., Zhang, Q.-X., Carmichael, W.W., 1991. Effects of toxic cyanobacteria and purified toxins on the survival and feeding of a copepod and three species of Daphnia. Limnology and Oceanography 36, 1346-1357.
[7]. Duy, T.N., Lam, P.K., Shaw, G.R., Connell, D.W., 2000. Toxicology and risk assessment of freshwater cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) toxins in water. Springer, p.
[8]. James, K.J., Sherlock, I.R., Stack, M.A., 1997. Anatoxin-a in Irish freshwater and cyanobacteria, determined using a new fluorimetric liquid chromatographic method. Toxicon 35, 963-971.
[9]. Jones, G.J., Korth, W., 1995. < i> In situ production of volatile odour compounds by river and reservoir phytoplankton populations in Australia. Water Science and Technology 31, 145-151.
[10]. Kiviranta, J., Sivonen, K., Lahti, K., Luukkainen, R., Niemelä, S., 1991. Production and biodegradation of cyanobacterial toxins-a laboratory study. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 121, 281-294.
[11]. Kulik, M.M., 1995. The potential for using cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and algae in the biological control of plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi. European journal of plant pathology 101, 585-599.
[12]. Lukač, M., Aegerter, R., 1993. Influence of trace metals on growth and toxin production of< i> Microcystis aeruginosa. Toxicon 31, 293-305.
[13]. Mundt, S., Kreitlow, S., Nowotny, A., Effmert, U., 2001. Biochemical and pharmacological investigations of selected cyanobacteria. International journal of hygiene and environmental health 203, 327-334.
[14]. Rapala, J., Sivonen, K., Luukkainen, R., Niemelä, S.I., 1993. Anatoxin-a concentration inAnabaena andAphanizomenon under different environmental conditions and comparison of growth by toxic and non-toxicAnabaena-strains—a laboratory study. Journal of applied phycology 5, 581-591.
[15]. Rinehart, K.L., Namikoshi, M., Choi, B.W., 1994. Structure and biosynthesis of toxins from blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). Journal of applied phycology 6, 159-176.
[16]. Ross, M.M., Kidwell, D.A., Callahan, J.H., 1989. Mass spectrometric analysis of anatoxin-a. Journal of analytical toxicology 13, 317-321.
[17]. Sivonen, K., Kononen, K., Carmichael, W., Dahlem, A., Rinehart, K., Kiviranta, J., Niemela, S., 1989. Occurrence of the hepatotoxic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena in the Baltic Sea and structure of the toxin. Applied and Environmental microbiology 55, 1990-1995.
[18]. Skulberg, O.M., Skulberg, R., Carmichael, W.W., Andersen, R.A., Matsunaga, S., Moore, R.E., 1992. Investigations of a neurotoxic oscillatorialean strain (Cyanophyceae) and its toxin. Isolation and characterization of homoanatoxin‐a. Environmental toxicology and chemistry 11, 321-329.
[19]. Skulberg, O.M.C., G. A.; and Carmichael, W. W, 1984. Toxic blue-green algal blooms in Europe: a growing problem. Ambio 13(4), 244-247.
[20]. Watanabe, M.F., Oishi, S., 1985. Effects of environmental factors on toxicity of a cyanobacterium (Microcystis aeruginosa) under culture conditions. Applied and Environmental microbiology 49, 1342-1344.