Adaptation of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) fry to commercial dry diet and the effect of initial larval feeding with different live foods on growth, hematological and blood biochemical parameters

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD student in Aquaculture, Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran

2 Professor, Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, International Sturgeon Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran

10.22059/jfisheries.2024.359050.1386

Abstract

The aim of this study was to find the effect of initial feeding with different live feeds in the larval stage on growth, hematological and blood biochemical indices of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) after the stage of adaptation to dry food. In order to carry out this study, 900 Persian sturgeon with an average weight of 263.8 ± 2.3 mg (mean ± standard error) were selected from each larval stage treatment, and 300 larvae were selected in each tank with 4 treatments and 3 replications. During 21 days, they were acclimated to dry food using chironomid and formulated diet. These Persian sturgeon fries were reared in the larval stage in 4 treatments includes: 1 (Artemia + Daphnia), 2 (Artemia), 3 (Artemia + chironomid) and 4 (chironomid). Final weight, growth rate, feed efficiency and daily growth rate in treatment 4 were significantly higher compared with the other treatments. Specific growth rate and weight gain in treatment 4 were higher than that of all treatments and food conversion ratio in this treatment was lower than the other treatments (P < 0.05). After adaptation of fries to commercial dry food, total protein and albumin were the highest in treatment 3 (Artemia and chironomid) and the lowest in treatment 1 (Artemia and Daphnia) (P>0.05). In terms of hematological indices, the number of white blood cells and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were the highest in treatment 1 (Artemia and Daphnia) and lowest in treatment 2 (Artemia) (P<0.05). According to the results of the present study, feeding with chironomid larvae in the larval stage has a great effect on the growth and blood biochemical indices of Persian sturgeon fry after getting used to dry food, which chironomid larvae was used to feed Persian sturgeon larvae. The use of chironomid larvae is recommended for the initial feeding of Persian sturgeon fry and the transition stage from live feed to commercial dry food.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Aatthi, K., Ramasubramanian, V., Uthayakumar, V., Munirasu, S., 2013. Effect of chitosan supplemented diet on survival growth, hematological, biochemical and immunological responses in Indian major carp Labeo rohita. International Research Journal of Pharmacy 4(5), 141-147. DOI: 10.7897/2230-8407.04529
Alizadeh, H., Ouraji, H., Falahatkar, B., Efatpanah, I., 2019. Effect of dietary malic acid on hematological, biochemical and immunological indices of juvenile Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869). Journal of Fisheries 72(4), 419-436. (In Persian) DOI: 10.22059/JFISHERIES.2020.297616.1138
Apun-Molina, J.P., Santamaría, A., Ibarra-Gamez , J.C., Medina-Alcantar, V., Racotta, I.S., 2015. Growth and metabolic response of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in polyculture fed with potential probiotic microorganisms on different schedules. American Journal of Aquatic Research 43(3), 435-445. DOI: 10.3856/vol43-issue3-fulltext-5
Azari Takami, Gh., 2009. Reproduction and Breeding of Sturgeon. University of Tehran Publishing Organization, 401 p. (In Persian)
Bani, A., Haghi-Vayghan, A., 2010. Temporal variations in haematological and biochemical indices of the Caspian kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum. Ichthyological Research 58(2), 126-133. DOI: 10.1007/s10228-010-0199-6
Baniismaili, S.Y., Zamani, A., Vahabzadeh Rudsari, H., Toloei, M.H., 2010. The effect of polyvitamin on the growth indices and blood factors of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus Borodin, 1897). Journal of Biological Sciences 4(2), 15-25. (In Persian).
 Biswal, A., Srivastava, P.S., Krishna, G., Paul, T., Pal, P., Gupta, S., Varghese, T., Jayant, M., 2021. An integrated biomarker approach for explaining the potency of exogenous glucose on transportation induced stress in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Scientific Reports 11(5713), 1-11. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85311-5
Blaxhall, P.C., 1972. The haematological assessment of the health of freshwater fish. A review of selected literature. Journal of Fish Biology 4(4), 593-604. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1972.tb05704.x
Bogut, I., Has-Schon, E., Adamek, Z., Rajković V., Rajković, V., 2007. Chironumus plumosus Larvae - A suitable nutrient for freshwater farmed fish. Poljoprivreda 13(1), 159-162.
Brunt, J., Austin, B., 2005. Use of a probiotic to control lactococcosis and streptococcosis in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of Fish Diseases 28(12), 693-701. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00672.x
Campbell, T.W., 2015. Exotic Animal Hematology and Cytology. Wiley Blackwell, USA, 424 p.
Chandra, G.,  Fopp-Bayat, D., 2021. Trends in aquaculture and conservation of sturgeons: a review of molecular and cytogenetic tools. Review in Aquaculture 13(1), 119-137. DOI: 10.1111/raq.12466
Chebanov, M., Galich, A., 2013. Sturgeon Hatchery Manual. FAO Fisheries and Aquacuture Technical Paper 558, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Ankara, 325 p.
Dabrowski, K., Kaushik, S.J., Fauconneau, B., 1985. Rearing of sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt) larvae: I. Feeding trial. Aquaculture 47(2-3), 185-192. DOI: 10.1016/0044-8486(85)90064-X.
Dati, F., Schumann, G., Thomas, L., Aguzzi, F., Baudner, S., Bienvenu, J., 1996. Consensus of a group of professional societies and diagnostic companies on guidelines for interim reference ranges for 14 proteins in serum based on the standardization against the IFCC/BCR/CAP reference material (CRM 470). Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 34(6), 517-20.
Delbare, D., Dhert, P.H., 1996. Biology and Life Cycle of Daphnia, Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 361. Rome, FAO, 295 p.
Dutra, K.M., Dasilva, K.M., Zank, C., Conter, M.R., Oliveira, G.T., 2008. Seasonal variation of the effect of high-carbohydrate and high-protein diets on the intermediate metabolism of Parastacus brasiensis (Crustacea, Decapoda, Parastacidae). Iheringia Serie Zoologia 98(4), 433-440. DOI: 10.1590/S0073-47212008000400003
Efatpanah, A., Falahatkar, B., 2023. Comparison of some growth indices and blood factors in juveniles of Siberian (Acipenser baerii), Asterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) and resulting hybrid (Acipenser baerii ♀× Acipenser ruthenus ♂). Journal of Applied Ichthyological Research 10(2), 31-39. (In Persian).
Esmaeili, M., 2021. Blood performance: A new formula for fish growth and health. Biology 10(12), 12-36. DOI: 10.3390/biology10121236.
Falahatkar, B., 2014. Feeding and Feed Formulation in Aquatic Organisms. Institute of Technical and Vocational Higher Education, Tehran, 334 p. (In Persian)
Falahatkar, B., Efatpanah, A., 2015. Biology and Physiology of Caspian Sea Sturgeon. University of Guilan Press, Rasht, 245 p.
Fazio, F., Saoca, C., Perillo, L., Piccione, G., 2018. Relationship between non-specific immune response and body size in cultured rainbow trout. Turkish Journal Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 19(2), 161-166. DOI: 10.4194/1303-2712-v19_2_08
Fazli, H., Tavakoli, M., Behrouz Khoshghalb, M., Moghim, M., 2021. Population dynamics of stellate sturgeon Acipenser stellatus Pallas, 1771 in the southern Caspian Sea. Iranian Journal of Fiheries Sciences 20(1), 45-61. DOI: 10.22092/ijfs.2021.123469
Garrido, L.G., Chapuli, R.M., Andres, A.V., 1990. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in (Scyliorhinus canicula) during sexual maturation. Journal of Fish Biology 36(4), 499-509. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1990.tb03552.x
Gisbert, E., Solovyev, M., Bonpunt, E., Mauduit, C., 2018. Weaning in Siberian sturgeon larvae. In: The Siberian Sturgeon (Acipenser baerii, Brandt, 1869) Volume 2-Farming Springer, Cham, 2, 59-72. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-61676-6_4
 Hamidoghli, A., Falahatkar, B., Khoshkholgh, M.R., Sahragard, A., 2014. Production and enrichment of Chironomide larvae with different levels of vitamin C and its effect on the nutrition of Persian sturgeon larvae (Acipenser persicus). North American Journal of Aquaculture 76, 289-295. DOI: 10.1080/15222055.2014.911224
Harianto, E., Eddy Supriyono, E., Budiardi, T., Affandi, R., 2021. Gill and skin oxygen uptake, biochemical, hematological, and histological responses of eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) exposed to air. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 22(3), TRJFAS1998. DOI: 10.4194/TRJFAS19989
Harikrishnan, R., Kim, J.S., Balasundaram, C., Heo, M.S., 2012. Immunomodulatory effects of chitin and chitosan enriched diets in Epinephelus bruneus against Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Aquaculture 326(329), 46-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.11.034
Hasanpour Fatahi, A., Jafarian, H., Khosravi, A., 2015. The combined effects of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger on the haematological and biochemical parameters of cultured juvenile beluga (Huso huso). Journal of Veterinary Research 70(4), 463-473. (In Persian). DOI:0.22059/JVR.2016.56468
Houston, A., 1990. Blood and Circulation. In: Schreck, C.B., Moyle, P.B. (Eds). Methods in Fish biology. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, Maryland, USA, 335 p.
Irianto, A., Austin, B., 2002. Probiotics in aquaculture. Journal of Fish Diseases 25(11), 633-642. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2002.00422.x
Javad, L., A-Mukkhtar, M., Ahmad, H., 2004. The relationship between haematocrit and some biological parameters of the Indian shad, Tenualosa ilisha (Family Clupeidae). Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 27(2), 47-52.
Keyvan, A., 2002. Iranian Sturgeon Fish. Naghsh Mehr. Rasht, Iran, 424 p. (In Persian)
Khosravanizadeh, A., Sudagar, M., Salehi, H., Alishahi, A., Jafari, S.M., 2018. Utilizing encapsulated protease supplement in the diet and its effects on growth, body composition, some blood biochemical factors and activity of intestinal trypsin of beluga (Huso huso). Aquatic Physiology and Biotechnology 7(1), 102-77. (In Persian). DOI:10.22124/JAPB.2019.8933.1204
Klontz, G.W., 1994. Fish Hematology. In: Techniques to Fish Immunology, Stolen, J.S., Flecher, A.F., Foweely. T.C., Zelikiff, S.L., Smith, S.A (Eds). Vol 2. SOS  Publications, Nevada, USA, 121-132.
Kohnehshahri, M., Azari Takami, Gh., 1974. Artificial Reproduction and Breeding of Sturgeon Fish. Tehran University Press, Tehran, 298 p. (In Persian)
Kumar, V.H., Makker, P.S., Devappa, R.K., 2011. Isolation of phytate from Jatropha curecas kernel meal and effects of isolated phytate on growth, digestive physiology and metabolic changes in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Food and Chemical Toxicology 49(9), 2144-2156. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.05.029
Lee, S., Zhai, S., Deng, D.F., Li, Y., Blaufuss, P.C., Eggold, B.T., Binkowski, F., 2022. Feeding strategies for adapting lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) larvae to formulated diets at early life stages. Animals 12(22), 1-15. DOI: 10.3390/ani12223128
Lim, C., Klesius, P.H., Li, M.H., Robinson, E.H., 2000. Interaction between dietary levels of iron and vitamin C on growth, hematology, immune response and resistance of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge. Aquaculture 185(2000), 313-327. DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00352-X
Makvandi, H., Khodadadi, M., Keyvanshokoh, S., 2010. Effect of salinity on growth and survival of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fingerlings. Journal of Wetland Ecobiology 1(4), 51-57. (In Persian)
Maleknejad, R., Sudagar, M., Azimi, A., 2014. Comparative study on the effect of different feeding regimes on chironomid larvae biomass and biochemical composition. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research 2(4), 1274-1278.
McCue, M.D., 2010. Starvation physiology: reviewing the different strategies animals use to survive a common challenge. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 156A(1), 1-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.01.002.
Metwally, M.A.A., 2009. Effects of garlic (Allium sativum) on some antioxidant activities in Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus). World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 1(1), 56-64.
Michael, S.E., Abarike, E.D., Cai, J., 2019. A review on the probiotic effects on haematological parameters in fish. Journal of Fisheries Sciences 13(3), 25-31. DOI: 10.36648/1307-234X.13.3.166
Mocanu, E.E., Savin, V., Popa, M.D., Dima, F.M., 2022. The effect of probiotics on growth performance, haematological and biochemical profiles in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869). Fishes 7(239), 1-12. DOI: 10.3390/fishes7050239
Mohammadnejad, M., 2016. Comparison of blood parameters and some biochemical factors and blood serum enzyme in rainbow trout fed with manual and commercial (Pellet) food diet. Animal Physiology and Development Quarterly Journal, 39(4), 69-79. (In Persian)
Mohler, J.W., Sweka, J.A., Kahnle, A., Hattala, K., Higgs, A., DuFour, M., Breece, M.W., Fox, D.A., 2012. Growth and survival of hatchery- produced Atlantic sturgeon released as young of- year into the Hudson River, New York. Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 3(1), 23-32. DOI: 10.3996/012011-JFWM-005
Mohseni, M., Pourkazemi, M., Hassani, S. H., Okorie, O.E., Min, T. S., Bai S. C., 2012. Effects of different three live foods on growth performance and survival rates in Beluga (Huso huso) larvae. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 11(1), 118-131.
Morris, M., Davey, F., 2001. Basic examination of blood. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods 20(2001), 479-519.
Mutcahy, M.F., 2006. Serum protein changes associated with ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) in the trout Salmo trutta L. Journal of Fish Biology 3(2), 199-201. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1971.tb03663.x
Naryzhny, S.N., Legina, O.K., 2021. Haptoglobin as a biomarker. Biochemistry (Moscow), Supplement Series B: Biomedical Chemistry 15(3), 184-198. DOI: 10.1134/S1990750821030069
Nazari, S., Pourkazemi, M., Khoshkholgh, M.R., 2020. Analysis of the genetic structure of the Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) populations: Comparison of control region sequencing and PCR-RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 19(6), 3201-3220. DOI: 10.22092/ijfs.2020.122963
Radhakrishnan, D.K., AkbarAli, I., Schmidt, B., John, E.M., Sivanpillai, S., Vasunambesan, S., 2020. Improvement of nutritional quality of live feed for aquaculture: An overview, Aquaculture Research 51(1), 1-17. DOI:10.1111/are.14357
Řehulka, J., 2002. Aeromonas causes severe skin lesions in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Clinical pathology haematology and biochemistry. Acta Veterinaria Brno 71(3), 351-360. DOI: 10.2754/avb200271030351
Řehulka, J., Adamee, V., 2004. Red blood cell indices for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared in cage and raceway culture. Acta Veterinaria Brno 73(1), 114-105. DOI: 10.2754/avb200473010105
Ruban, G.I., 2020. Exogenous feeding in the early life stages of sturgeon (Acipenseridae). Inland Water Biology 13(4), 613-619. DOI: 10.1134/S1995082920040094
Roche, H., Bogé, G., 1996. Fish blood parameters as a potential tool for identification of stress caused by environmental factors and chemical intoxication. Marine Environmental Research 41(1), 27-43. DOI: 10.1016/0141-1136(95)00015-1
Ronyai, A., Feledi, T., 2012. Co-feeding as a weaning procedure in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L.) larvae. Aquaculture Research 44(9), 1489-1491. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2012.03167.x
 Samat, N.A., Yusoff, F.M., Rasdi, N.W., Karim, M., 2020. Enhancement of live food nutritional status with essential nutrients for improving aquatic animal health. Animals 10(12), 1-27. DOI: 10.3390/ani10122457
Sattari, M., 2012. Ichthyology (1): Anatomy and Physiology. Naqsh Mehr Publications, Rasht, Iran, 659 p. (In Persian)
Seyrafi, S., 2022. The legal regime of fisheries management in the Caspian Sea. Public Law Studies Quarterly 52(1), 323-349.
Sorgeloos, P., Dhert, P., Candreva, P., 2001. Use of the brine shrimp, Artemia spp., in marine fish larviculture. Aquaculture 200(1-2), 147-159. DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00698-6
Sulistiyarto, B., Restu, P., 2018 Culture of bloodworm (Chironomid larvae: Diptera) using North African catfish Clarias gariepinus waste as feed. AACL Bioflux 11(2), 476-480.
Taati, R., Pourali Fashtami, J.R., Sharifi Arde Jani, H.A., 2017. Comparison of the effects of farmed Chironomid extract and methionine as food attractants on growth, survival and carcass composition of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) larvae. Marine Biology 10(3), 21-28. (In Persian)
 Volkman, E.T., Pangel, K.L., Rajchel, D.A., Sutton, T.M., 2004. Hatchery performance of juvenile lake sturgeon fed two food types. North American Journal of Aquaculture 66(2), 105-112. DOI: 10.1577/A03-047.1
Wang, Y., Li, C., Wang, W., Wang, J., Li, J., Qian, Sh., Cai, C., Liu, Y., 2022. Serum albumin to globulin ratio is associated with the presence and severity of inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Inflammation Research 2022(15), 1907-1920. DOI: 10.2147/JIR.S347161
Watanabe, T., Oowa, F., Kitajima, C., Fujita, S., 1978. Nutritional quality of brine shrimp, Artemia salina, as a living feed from the viewpoint of essential fatty acids for fish. Bulletin of the Japan Society Sciences of Fisheries 44(1), 115-121.
Wiegertjes, G.F., Stet, R.J.M., Parmentier, H.K., Van Muiswinkel, W.B., 1996. Immunogenetics of disease resistance in fish; a comparable approach. Development and Comparative Immunology 20(6), 365-381. DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(96)00032-8
Witeska, M., Kondera, E., Lugowska, K., Bojarski, B., 2022. Hematological methods in fish-Not only for beginners. Aquaculture 547, 737498. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737498
Williot, P., Brun, R., Rouault, T., Pelard, M., Mercier, D., 2005. Attempts at larval rearing of the endangered western European sturgeon, Acipenser sturio (Acipenseridae), in France. Cybium: International Journal of Ichthyology 29(4), 381-387.
Wu, L., Li, L., Gao, A., Ye, J., Li, J., 2022. Antimicrobial roles of phagocytosis in teleost fish: Phagocytic B cells vs professional phagocytes. Aquaculture and Fisheries 9(3). DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2021.12.008
Yousefpour, H., 2003. Study to determine the best percentage of feed to live weight in Persian sturgeon. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal, Special Issue of the First National Sturgeon Symposium, Rasht, International Sturgeon Institute pp. 169-180. (In Persian)
Zheng, Y., Liu, J., Xu, J., Fan, H., Wang, Y., Zhuang, P., Hu, M., 2023. Comparison of artificial feed and natural food by the growth and blood biochemistry in Chinese sturgeon Acipenser sinensis. Fishes 8(1), 12-27. DOI: 10.3390/fishes8010045